Racism has a negative impact on the health and well-being of rangatahi in Aotearoa, a study funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand has found.
"R4A: Revealing the Realities of Racism for Rangatahi in Aotearoa" is a project that analyses data over a 15-year period to show how racism affects the health of young people aged 15-24 in New Zealand.
It's the first study of its kind to look at the link between racism and health for this age group.
Māori health academic Sarah-Jane Paine (Tūhoe, Ngāti Rongo) is the lead researcher and said the study found that in order to achieve health equity in Aotearoa, policies need to first target racism as a cause for inequity.
What did the study find?
The study found Māori, Pacific and Asian rangatahi reported a higher prevalence of racism than their European counterparts.
It did this by analysing Government data across a 15-year timespan to collect information about racism, discrimination, health and well-being.
Higher reporting of racism came from men aged 20-24, who were either Māori, Pacific or Asian and who lived in the most deprived neighbourhoods in New Zealand.
The study found experiencing racism is "a breach of their health rights and, for rangatahi Māori, it is a breach of their Indigenous rights".
Paine referred to the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which protects indigenous people's rights to their culture, identity and health, saying they "should be free from discrimination of any kind".
"Racism is a human rights issue", not just a health and well-being issue, she said.
How does racism impact health and well-being?
The study found experiencing racism was connected with higher levels of poor health.
That included reporting stress, negative mental health, negative physical health and a higher unmet need for primary healthcare.
Paine said racism also indirectly impacts health because societal systems and structures are set up in ways that disadvantage indigenous and ethnic minorities.
Experiencing racism was associated with feeling like you didn't belong in New Zealand, being less able to express your identity and reporting negative life satisfaction, all of which negatively impacted well-being.
How does racism specifically impact young people?
The R4A study was a collaboration between university-based researchers and a rangatahi partnership group of young Māori who are involved in youth advocacy and community work.
Paine said the group told her that, alongside mental health, racism affects their identity by putting them in boxes.
She said these young people may all be Māori but their experiences are diverse and their identities are complex, like having different iwi and different schooling experiences.
Racism can make rangatahi Māori feel limited and not a positive contributor to society, Paine said.
"We're talking about young people in relation to ram-raids, in relation to crime and [in] relation to the justice system. We're not celebrating young people in relation to their strengths, their resilience," she said.
Racism can make it so expressing your identity as rangatahi Māori isn't always safe, she said.
What might anti-racism strategies look like?
Paine said understanding that racism is a fundamental cause of poor health can help researchers think of solutions for health-based issues.
For example, if researchers found young people were hesitant to visit doctors, they might design solutions to educate them about why they should see a doctor, she said.
Paine said educational strategies are not the only answer and that "we need strategies that address the racism that is causing harm to the mental and physical well-being".
She said it's crucial to support young people who want to be involved in anti-racism work and work collaboratively with them to figure out what's important to them.
Other young people "just wanna crack on with the things that are important to them" whether that's climate action, education, kapa haka or other kaupapa, she said.
Paine said investing in those rangatahi as leaders of their communities is also a form of anti-racism work.
"But we also need to recognise that young people have their own dreams. They've got their own goals for Aotearoa," Paine said.
She said "talking about racism in itself creates some harm" for some rangatahi so it's important to remember they might prefer celebrating themselves instead of fighting structural racism.
"Let's also invest in that because when we enable young people to live out those dreams, we're also practising some level of anti-racism."
Where to get help:
- 1737: The nationwide, 24/7 mental health support line. Call or text 1737 to speak to a trained counsellor.
- Youthline: Free call 0800 376 633, free text 234. Nationwide service focused on supporting young people.
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